INDONESIAN GERMAN INSTITUTE - 2

WORKSHOP IGI PHASE III


Kemarin, Hari ini, Besok, dilaksanakan Planning Workshop Indonesian German Institute / IGI Phase III di Hotel Mercure Yogyakarta, tgl 5 s.d 8 November 2007.
Banyak info yang didapat mulai dari rancangan tahun 2008 yang dipresentasikan Bappenas, Depdiknas, Depnaker, GTZ dan KfW serta Steering Committe dan Working Group.
Termasuk didalamnya dibahas datangnya peralatan phasa III yang sudah tertunda hampir 1,5 tahun.
Rasanya info yang disampaikan sangat jelas, sejelas jelasnya.

Termasuk di dalamnya diskusi yang sangat seru bin gayeng tentang Body of IGI untuk merepresentasikan keberadaan IGI dimata nasional dan Internasional.
Akan dibuat sebuah PT untuk menjalankannya.
Ada yang usul dengan nama PT MoNE, yang pasti bukan singkatan PT Modal NEkat atau Money Never Ending, tapi yha MoNE saja.
Just joke lah...
Tapi hati hati yha,
MoNE itu aslinya khan singkatan Ministry of National Education...

Hari terakhir, dipresentasikan seluruh kegiatan Center dan Sister.
Seperti biasanya, saya mempresentasikan hasilnya yang Pertama kali.
Biasanya yang pertama semua pasti memperhatikan.
Setelah itu, yha saya nganggur mendengarkan presentasi teman teman lainnya.
Sebanyak 21 institusi lagi yang harus saya dengarkan...
Seharian penuh... Hasilnya ? ...

Besok pagi saya harus pulang dari Jogja ke kota Malang.
Naik pesawat Lion jam 6 pagi bersama dengan 6 teman lainnya.
Jogja Surabaya harus dijalani.
Surabaya Malang harus dilewati.
Lewat daerah lumpur Lapindo juga
Kami membawa oleh oleh lumayan banyak.
Yakni info tentang IGI phasa III untuk semua teman di VEDC Malang.
Selain oleh oleh batik, geplak dan gudheg kwali.
Semoga bermanfaat.


Joko WiN
Jogja, November 2oo7

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name

DRS. DJOKO WINARJANTO, MM

Office address
PPPPTK / CESS PKn and IPS
Jalan Veteran No. 9
Malang - Indonesia
Tel.62-341 55 16 43 / 55 17 81
Fax. 62 - 341 55 16 48
E – mail : jokowin@yahoo.com
jokowin.blogspot.com


Home address
Jl. Masjid Barat 1
Singosari Malang
Telepon 62-341 45 12 28 / 081 738 0 938
E-mail : jokowin@yahoo.com

GENERAL DATA
Personal

Name
Drs. Djoko Winarjanto, MM

Place of origin
Madiun, East Java, Indonesia

Date of Birth
22 April 1960

Civil Status
Married

Nationality
Indonesian

Education
Primary School, Madiun,
Certificate, 1972

Junior Secondary School, Madiun.
Certificate, 1975

Secondary High School, Madiun,
Diploma, Sciences, 1979

Institute of Training Teacher and Education (IKIP) State, Jogjakarta
Diploma, Building Construction (S1), 1983

Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta
Magister Management in Marketing (S2), 1995

Brawijaya University Malang
Doctor candidate in Business Administration, 2007

Further Education
Developing Capability

Interlink School of English, England, 1987
Study of English Course

Laing Construction, England, 1987
British Standard for Material Testing of Building

VEDC Malang, 1990 - 1997
Developing Industrial Attachment – Income Generating Unit in 20 vocational school in East Indonesia via School Integrated Development program

BLIP/BLK Bandung, 1995
Marketing Consultant and Developing Income Generating Unit

TUV Rheinland, VEDC Malang, 1996
Quality Management ISO 9000
Environmental Management with ISO 14000

Surabaya Univ, Malang Univ, Unisma Malang, 1997
Keynote Speaker for Indonesian Development Education through Production and Service

Colombo Plan Staff College (CPSC), Thailand, 1998
Entrepreneurship Training for community based development through TVET

SEAMEO Voctech, Brunei Darussalam, 2000
Developing Entrepreneurial skills in VTET Institution

Berufsakademie Stuttgart, Germany, 2002
Developing Cooperation between Berufsakademie Stuttgart with VEDC Malang

PE International Indonesia, Management Consultant Jakarta, 2004
Auditor / Lead Auditor ISO 9001:2000 series

Indonesian German Institute (IGI) and ARGHER Europe, International Certificate, 2006
Kontinuierlicher Verbesserungsprozess
(Continues Improvement Process)

SEAMEO Voctech, Brunei Darussalam, 2006
Competency Based Curriculum Development in TVET

Further Education
Vocational Education

SMK Malang; 1984 – 1986
Technical Teacher for Building Construction
- Development Masonry Workshop

VEDC Malang1986 – 1990
Instructor Building Construction
· Support for standardization of Material Testing for Building Construction
· Teaching Supervisor Industries for Building Concrete design
· Developing teaching material in Tile lining

VEDC Malang1990 – 1994
Marketing Officer for Publishing Education
· Publication Development
· Handling Customer

VEDC Malang; 1994 – 2007
Marketing Manager for Production and Services Unit
· Marketing and Developing for vocational school and industrial training linkage
· Developing Teaching Aid product and developing training services for VET and industrial training

VEDC Malang; 1999 – 2003
Head of Administration
· Handling of Administration Institution

VEDC Malang, 2001 - 2007
Academic Students Affair Coordinator in Joint program between Berufsakademie Stuttgart, VEDC Malang, ITS Surabaya, Industries

VEDC Malang, 2002 – 2007
· Developing Integrated Training Center base on cooperate with Local Government (Pemda)
in Tarakan East Kalimantan, Sendawar East Kalimantan, Ponorogo East Java.
· Developing Integrated Training Center base on cooperate with Community Development (Comdev) of Industry in Berau East Kalimantan, Bintuni Papua and BP Indonesia, Sampoerna
Cigarette Company East Java

VEDC Malang, 2003 – 2007
Head of Publication and Reporting
· Handling of Institution Publication of all of customer, such as School, Industry, Local Government, Community
· Handling Reporting for all of VEDC activity

VEDC Malang, 2003 – 2007
· Project Manager of Indonesian German Institute (IGI) in VEDC Malang as Center from 5 sisters
· Construct of Center Sister Developing Program base on cooperation with SMK Ponorogo, SMK Purwosari, SMK Buduran Sidoarjo, Polytechnic Malang, Polytechnic SAKTI Surabaya

on February 2008, I have new job in PPPPTK / CESS PKn and IPS Malang

PPPPTK / CESS PKn and IPS Malang, Febr 2008 - up to now
General Affairs
- Responsible for Administration, Infrastructure and Financial Institution

Joko WiN
Revised and Published on March 2008

TALI PERNIKAHAN

Seorang pria dan kekasihnya menikah dan acaranya pernikahannya sungguh megah.
Semua kawan-kawan dan keluarga mereka hadir menyaksikan dan menikmati hari yang berbahagia tersebut.
Suatu acara yang luar biasa mengesankan.
Mempelai wanita begitu anggun dalam gaun putihnya dan pengantin pria dalam tuxedo hitam yang gagah.
Setiap pasang mata yang memandang setuju mengatakan bahwa mereka sungguh- sungguh saling mencintai.

Beberapa bulan kemudian, sang istri berkata kepada suaminya,
"Sayang, aku baru membaca sebuah artikel di majalah tentang bagaimana memperkuat tali pernikahan" katanya sambil menyodorkan majalah tersebut.
"Masing-masing kita akan mencatat hal-hal yang kurang kita sukai dari pasangan kita. Kemudian, kita akan membahas bagaimana merubah hal-hal tersebut dan membuat hidup pernikahan kita bersama lebih bahagia....."

Suaminya setuju dan mereka mulai memikirkan hal-hal dari pasangannya yang tidak mereka sukai dan berjanji tidak akan tersinggung ketika pasangannya mencatat hal-hal yang kurang baik sebab hal tersebut untuk kebaikkan mereka bersama.
Malam itu mereka sepakat untuk berpisah kamar dan mencatat apa yang terlintas dalam benak mereka masing-masing.

Besok pagi ketika sarapan, mereka siap mendiskusikannya.
"Aku akan mulai duluan ya", kata sang istri.
Ia lalu mengeluarkan daftarnya. Banyak sekali yang ditulisnya, sekitar 3 halaman.
Ketika ia mulai membacakan satu persatu hal yang tidak dia sukai dari suaminya, ia memperhatikan bahwa airmata suaminya mulai mengalir.
"Maaf, apakah aku harus berhenti ?" tanyanya.
"Oh tidak, lanjutkan..." jawab suaminya.
Lalu sang istri melanjutkan membacakan semua yang terdaftar, lalu kembali melipat kertasnya dengan manis diatas meja dan berkata dengan bahagia
"Sekarang gantian ya, engkau yang membacakan daftarmu".

Dengan suara perlahan suaminya berkata
"Aku tidak mencatat sesuatupun di kertasku.
Aku berpikir bahwa engkau sudah sempurna, dan aku tidak ingin merubahmu.
Engkau adalah dirimu sendiri.
Engkau cantik dan baik bagiku.
Tidak satupun dari pribadimu yang kudapatkan kurang.... "
Sang istri tersentak dan tersentuh oleh pernyataan dan ungkapan cinta serta isi hati suaminya. Bahwa suaminya menerimanya apa adanya...
Ia menunduk dan menangis.....

Dalam hidup ini, banyak kali kita merasa dikecewakan, depressi, dan sakit hati. Sesungguhnya tak perlu menghabiskan waktu memikirkan hal-hal tersebut.
Hidup ini penuh dengan keindahan, kesukacitaan dan pengharapan.
Mengapa harus menghabiskan waktu memikirkan sisi yang buruk, mengecewakan dan menyakitkan jika kita bisa menemukan banyak hal-hal yang indah di sekeliling kita ?

Saya percaya kita akan menjadi orang yang berbahagia jika kita mampu melihat dan bersyukur untuk hal-hal yang baik dan mencoba melupakan yang buruk.


Joko WiN
November 2007

AKU MEMINTA

Aku meminta kepada Alloh
untuk menyingkirkan penderitaanku.
Alloh menjawab, Tidak.
Itu bukan untuk Kusingkirkan,
tetapi agar kau mengalahkannya.

Aku meminta kepada Alloh
untuk menyempurnakan kecacatanku.
Alloh menjawab, Tidak.
Jiwa adalah sempurna,
badan hanyalah sementara.

Aku meminta kepada Alloh
untuk menghadiahkanku kesabaran.
Alloh menjawab, Tidak.
Kesabaran adalah hasil dari kesulitan;
itu tidak dihadiahkan,
itu harus dipelajari.

Aku meminta kepada Alloh
untuk memberiku kebahagiaan.
Alloh menjawab, Tidak.
Aku memberimu berkat.
Kebahagiaan adalah tergantung padamu.

Aku meminta kepada Alloh
untuk menjauhkan penderitaan.
Alloh menjawab, Tidak.
Penderitaan menjauhkanmu
dari perhatian duniawi,
dan membawamu mendekat padaKu.

Aku meminta kepada Alloh
untuk menumbuhkan rohku.
Alloh menjawab, Tidak.
Kau harus menumbuhkannya sendiri,
tetapi Aku akan memangkas
untuk membuatmu berbuah.

Aku meminta kepada Alloh
segala hal sehingga aku dapat menikmati hidup.
Alloh menjawab, Tidak.
Aku akan memberimu hidup,
sehingga kau dapat menikmati segala hal.

Aku meminta kepada Alloh
membantuku mengasihi orang lain,
seperti Ia mengasihiku.
Alloh menjawab.., akhirnya kau mengerti.
HARI INI ADALAH MILIKMU JANGAN SIA-SIAKAN.
Bagi dunia kamu mungkin hanyalah seseorang,
Tetapi bagi seseorang kamu adalah dunianya.

Joko WiN

November 2007

(kiriman dari teman)

TEKNIK MENULIS

Teknik Menulis & Usaha Sebagai Penulis Teknologi Informasi

Seorang penulis khususnya penulis teknologi informasi (IT), sebetulnya banyak berfungsi seperti seorang .tukang sulap. yang membeberkan .rahasia sulap. bagi masyarakat. Berbagai rahasia, teknik konfigurasi, teknik perancangan di ungkapkan secara detail dalam buku maupun artikel IT bagi masyarakat luas. Di satu sisi menguntungkan produsen peralatan / software teknologi informasi karena demand / pasar / market akan kebutuhan IT masyarakat menjadi lebih terbuka. Di sisi lain, mungkin akan mengurangi pendapatan & kesempatan usaha para konsultan teknologi informasi karena masyarakat menjadi tidak memerlukan jasa para konsultan tsb. lagi.
Filosofi dasar seorang penulis IT yang sukses sebetulnya tidak berbeda dengan seorang guru. Kesuksesan seorang penulis dapat di nilai dari jumlah pembaca yang sukses dalam menguasai dan mengimplementasikan teknologi informasi. Dari sisi penulis, bahasa & teknik pembahasan . penyampaian secara sederhana hal yang kompleks menjadi mudah di mengerti pembacanya.. Tentunya semua ini akan di bantu oleh jalur distribusi penerbit buku tsb.

Untuk menjadi seorang penulis IT yang baik, mau tidak mau, banyak membaca, banyak berdiskusi, harus fokus pada hal yang cukup spesifik dalam bidang IT, dan tentunya harus fokus pada hal-hal yang penulis sukai. Akan sangat sulit menulis hal yang tidak kita sukai.
Beberapa trik sederhana bagi pemula dalam menentukan topik, antara lain, aktif dalam berdiskusi di mailing list di Internet akan sangat membantu untuk memfokuskan diri, mengasah kemampuan, maupun memberikan masukan arah keinginan pembaca.

Membaca berbagai referensi & dokumen di Internet dari hasil diskusi / perdebatan di Internet. Mencoba / berexperimen dengan teknologi. Jangan lupa, mendokumentasikan secara terstruktur berbagai referensi, diskusi maupun hasil experimen yang kita lakukan. Sering kali proses ini memerlukan ketekunan, ketelatenan dalam perioda yang cukup lama . beberapa tahun.

Teknik menulis yang paling sederhana akan sangat terbantu oleh power point untuk mengatur alur cerita. Sambil menyiapkan informasi pendukung, seperti, gambar, blok diagram, dan listing program. Keberadaan alur cerita power point akan sangat memudahkan kita menuangkan kata-kata dalam naskah, baik itu artikel maupun naskah bab sebuah buku. Jika semua data pendukung telah siap, biasanya membutuhkan waktu sekitar satu dua bulan untuk menulis naskah buku.

Biasanya sebuah buku pemula tidak lebih dari 150-250 halaman agar harga jual tidak melebihi Rp. 20.000,-. Di atas Rp. 20.000,- orang akan berfikir dua kali untuk membeli buku tersebut.
Sebuah penerbit biasanya akan menilai kelayakan sebuah naskah IT dari berapa besar pembaca-nya semakin banyak pembaca-nya semakin baik sebuah naskah.

Seorang penulis perlu meyakinkan penerbit melalui abstrak, gambaran umum isi naskah, daftar isi, target pembaca, besarnya komunitas pembaca, tentunya track record penulis akan sangat menentukan bagi penerbit untuk menentukan pilihan. Pembangunan track record dapat dilakukan melalui keaktifan menjawab di mailing list maupun menulis artikel-artikel pendek di majalah-majalah.

Ada beberapa metoda royalti yang dapat di anut, misalnya, membeli seluruh naskah di awal, atau berdasarkan jumlah penjualan . biasanya sekitar 10% dari harga buku. Adalah normal seorang penulis memperoleh Rp. 5 juta dari penjualan 5000 eksemplar buku. Sementara naskah artikel 2-4 halaman Word di media cetak biasanya di hargai antara Rp. 150-250.000 / artikel. Tentunya semua merupakan hasil negosiasi.

Yang menarik dari sebuah proses penulisan buku adalah terbentuknya masyarakat yang semakin pandai dan mengerti teknologi informasi. Ciri khas teknologi informasi, sebagian besar trik, detail implementasi, bahkan konsep terbarunya biasanya tidak pernah diajarkan di lembaga pendidikan formal karena kurikulum DIKNAS biasanya sangat ketinggalan jaman.

Konsekuensinya, buku dan artikel IT menjadi andalan utama banyak vendor peralatan & software komputer dalam mendidik calon pembeli peralatan mereka. Proses diseminasi melalui buku dan artikel IT dengan pembaca ribuan bahkan puluhan ribu menjadikan proses marketing menjadi sangat murah di bandingkan proses marketing konvensional menggunakan advetorial di media atau mengorganize ceramah, seminar, workshop yang hanya menampung ratusan peserta.

Tidak heran jika banyak vendor-vendor komputer atau software terkemuka akan berusaha mendekatkan diri dengan para penulis atau redaksi koran agar produk-nya di review atau menjadi contoh dalam berbagai buku dan artikel yang ditulis. Pinjaman peralatan atau software untuk di review dan dicoba adalah normal pada seorang penulis IT.

Sering kali, para pembaca tetap membutuhkan proses tatap muka untuk dapat mengerti dengan baik berbagai teknik yang di jelaskan dalam sebuah buku. Untuk keperluan ini, sebuah vendor / distributor tidak segan-segan menuangkan sponsorship untuk mendukung acara-acara demo, workshop tentang detail teknologi informasi yang biasanya jarang diadakan di Indonesia.

Kita di Indonesia masih sangat jarang sekali penulis IT yang berani menyingkap rahasia teknologi informasi dan sering menuliskan secara detail tekniknya. Adalah kesempatan emas, bagi mereka untuk terjun ke bidang penulisan IT yang tidak terlalu banyak persaingannya. Tentunya seorang penulis IT tetap harus menjaga dirinya agar tetap netral tidak berpihak pada salah satu vendor secara spesifik agar review yang dilakukannya lebih berkualitas. Apa yang baik harus dikatakan baik, apa yang yang jelek harus dikatakan jelek.


Disarikan dari tulisan : Onno W. Purbo


JOKO WiN
November 2007

Rahasia umur

Di awal zaman,
Tuhan menciptakan seekor sapi.
Tuhan berkata kepada sang sapi:
Hari ini kuciptakan kau.
Sebagai sapi engkau harus pergi ke padang rumput.
Kau harus bekerja dibawah terik matahari sepanjang hari.
Kutetapkan umurmu sekitar 50 tahun.
Sang Sapi keberatan...
Kehidupanku akan sangat berat selama 50 tahun.
Kiranya 20 tahun cukuplah buatku.
Kukembalikan kepadamu yang 30 tahun.
Maka setujulah Tuhan.

Di hari kedua, Tuhan menciptakan monyet.
Hai monyet, hiburlah manusia.
Aku berikan kau umur 20 tahun!
Sang monyet menjawab :
"What ? Menghibur mereka dan membuat mereka tertawa ?
10 tahun cukuplah.
Kukembalikan 10 tahun padamu"
Maka setujulah Tuhan.

Di hari ketiga, Tuhan menciptakan anjing.
Apa yang harus kau lakukan adalah menjaga pintu rumah majikanmu.
Setiap orang mendekat kau harus menggongongnya.
Untuk itu kuberikan hidupmu selama 20 tahun.
Sang anjing menolak :
"Menjaga pintu sepanjang hari selama 20 tahun ? No way. !
Kukembalikan 10 tahun padamu".
Maka setujulahTuhan.

Di hari keempat, Tuhan menciptakan manusia.
Sabda Tuhan: "Tugasmu adalah makan,tidur dan bersenang-senang.
Inilah kehidupan.
Kau akanmenikmatinya.
Akan kuberikan engkau umur sepanjang 25 tahun!
Sang manusia keberatan, katanya :
"Menikmati kehidupan selama 25 tahun?
Itu terlalu pendek Tuhan.
Let's make a deal.
Karena sapi mengembalikan 30 tahun usianya,
lalu anjing mengembalikan 10 tahun,
dan monyet mengembalikan 10 tahun usianya padamu,
berikanlah semuanya itu padaku.
Semua itu akan menambah masa hidupku menjadi 75 tahun.
Setuju ?"
Maka setujulah Tuhan.

AKIBATNYA...

Pada 25 tahun pertama ...
kehidupan sebagai manusia dijalankan kita makan, tidur dan bersenang-senang.

30 tahun berikutnya ....
menjalankankehidupan layaknya seekor sapi
kita harus bekerja keras sepanjang hari untuk menopang keluarga kita.

10 tahun kemudian ....
kita menghibur dan membuat cucu kita tertawa
dengan berperan sebagai monyet yang menghibur.

Dan 10 tahun berikutnya .....
kita tinggal dirumah,
duduk didepan pintu,
dan menggonggong kepada orang yang lewat

Uhuk, uhuk (batuk)... Eh, nak..mo kemane lo..?



Joko WiN
November 2007

MUSIM HUJAN

Ada apa dengan musim hujan ?
Kota Malang, setelah sekian lama dengan musim kemarau. Hari ini mulai hujan deras. Apa istimewanya ? Hujan kali ini disertai dengan banyak hal yang mengikutinya.

Pertama.
Gunung Semeru yang selama ini memuntahkan asap dan abu, mulai batuk batuk. Asap makin tebal. Abu makin banyak. Kota Malang makin keruh dengan asap. Hujan disertai badai membawa abu. Status Waspada.

Kedua.
Gunung Kelud mulai berulah. Setelah tahun 1990 meletus, hari ini 5 November 2007 mulai meletus lagi dengan mengeluarkan asap. Status masih Waspada. Memang belum meletus blaaaarrrr.... tapi areal 100 m2 dipuncaknya sudah mulai mengeluarkan asap. Gunung mulai miring ke arah barat. banjir lahar dingin hangat sudah mulai mengalir. Penduduk sudah mulai meninggalkan desanya. Mengungsi.

Kedua hal tersebut diatas akan mengakibatkan hujan abu di kota Malang. Semoga semua ini cepat terlampaui tanpa banyak korban.

Jika berbincang tentang hujan abu, di kota Malang sudah menjadi makanan sehari-hari. Setiap hari, Gunung Semeru selalu batuk batuk. Waktu itu pula hujan abu pasti sampai di Malang.

Selama 23 tahun saya tinggal di Singosari Malang, setiap hari juga hujan abu selalu ada. Baik yang deras maupun yang tipis tipis. Akibatnya ? Mobil harus di cuci setiap hari agar bersih. Walau kenyataannya saya seringnya hanya me lap saja dengan kain atau sulak / kemocing.
Pohon pohon daunnya menjadi berwarna abu abu karena seringnya kena debu.

Alloh sudah membuat sesuatu berjalan pada iramanya. Karena selalu batuk batuk, Gunung Semeru jadi gak pernah meletus. Yha batuk terus sepanjang hari, sepanjang waktu. Daerah disekitarnya jadi subur. Tanaman jadi tambah hasilnya.

Jadi apa yang bisa kita tarik dari cerita ini ?
Selalu ada yang diuntungkan dari sebuah situasi yang terjadi dari fenomena alam.
Jadi nikmati dan jalani saja....


Joko WiN
November 2007

TINGGAL KAMU & AKU

Kenapa sih Indonesia "Nggak maju-maju" meski sudah merdeka 62 tahun.
Mau tahu alasannya ?
Berdasarkan data statistik yang ada :

Jumlah penduduk Indonesia ada 237 juta, 104 juta diantaranya adalah para pensiunan.
Jadi yang kerja cuma 133 juta.

Jumlah pelajar dan mahasiswa adalah 85 juta.
Jadi tinggal 48 juta orang yang kerja.

Yang kerja buat pemerintah pusat jadi pegawai negeri ada 29 juta.
Jadi tinggal 19 juta yang kerja.

Ada 4 juta yang jadi ABRI dan polisi.
Jadi tinggal 15 juta yang kerja.

Ada lagi yang kerja di pemerintahan daerah dan departemen-departemen jumlahnya 14,800,000.
Jadi sisanya tinggal 200,000.

Yang sakit dan dirawat di Rumah Sakit di seluruh Indonesia ada 188,000.
Jadi sisa 12,000 orang saja.

Ada 11,998 orang yang dipenjara.
Jadi tinggal sisa dua orang saja......yang masih bisa kerja, siapa mereka ???
KAMU sama AKU lah......

Diantara dua orang itu.... AKU kan lagi main-main dengan internet dan ber-humor-ria.....
jadi tinggal KAMU sendiri yang kerja.

SELAMAT !
Kamu jadi orang hebaattt...


Joko WiN
November 2007

WHEN ENGLISH COMES TRUE 1

LITTLE LITTLE CONFUSE

Seorang cewek yang Bahasa Inggrisnya sedikit kacau balau, suatu hari nubruk seorang bule ketika jalan-jalan.

Cewek: "I'm sorry."
Bule: "I'm sorry, too."
Si cewek bingung, dan si cewek merasa harus menjawab itu bule.
Cewek: "I'm sorry, three."
Bule: "What are you sorry for?"
Cewek: "I'm sorry, five."
Bule: "Hahh, I'm sorry again? You are sick!"
Cewek: "Ok, I'm sorry seven!"

Karena bingung harus berkata apa, akhirnya si BULE putus asa.
Bule: "...aaachhhhh..."
Si Cewek tadi merenung sejenak... wah, ganti bahasa Jerman pikirnya...karena sedikit bisa bhs Jerman dia jadi girang...
Cewek: "...he...he... enschuldigung, neun!"


Joko WiN
November 2007

IGI - INDONESIAN GERMAN INSTITUTE - 1

VEDC MALANG as IGI CENTER

INTRODUCTION
Highly trained human resource is one of the most valuable assets of any nations in era of growing business complexity, competitions and globalization. In Indonesia, private and public stakeholders are developing strategies to improve theirs people’s education, skill and knowledge in order to keeps pace with the rapid changes within the ethnology and the economy, as well as from international demands. One such strategic initiative to link and match the requirements of industry and businesses for qualified personnel with the development programs offered by training institutions. And, thus, the of a “Teaching Factory” which aims to bridge the gap between the business world practices with the theoretical experience in training workshops and classrooms.

Objective of IGI are :

1. To establish the co-operation between Republic Federal of Germany and Republic of Indonesia.
2. The IGI Program is a Component of Economic and Human Resources Development Program.
3. To trigger and to push the improvement of the prosperity and competitiveness of the national industries through the improvement of Human Resources capacity.
4. To support the integration among sectors (education, national resources, industrial-trade) and among regions across provinces.

WHAT IS IGI
The INDONESIAN GERMAN INSTITUTE (IGI) is a select group of qualified training institution referred to as the “IGI-Alliance” that pursues the approach of “Teaching Factory”.
This approach integrates practical vocational education and training with innovative technology and proven production methodologies.
The goal if alliance is to increase the quality and productivity of the workforce so as to enhance their employment opportunities and their entrepreneurial spirit.

Target of IGI implementation

1. To develop industry-applied training and education system in the region, which is, based on/oriented to the demand of the industrial society.
2. To develop the independent industrial-applied training and education institutions in the region.
3. To develop the partnership network between training/ education institutions and local industrial society (related institutional society) which is based on the society empowerment.
4. To develop the capacity of skilled and certified manpower.
5. To develop services network of business and trade consultancy

IGI-Alliance supporting by :

1. MoNE ( Depdiknas )
2. MoM ( Depnakertrans )
3. MoIT ( Depperindag), and
4. The National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas)
   And, on behalf of :
5. The German Government,
6. The GTZ (German Technical Cooperation) and
7. The KfW (Bank for Reconstruction)

IGI SERVICES
IGI services consist of Vocational and Technical Training Consultancy and Production of various goods. The graphic reflect the area and the focal area of services coverage by IGI Institution.
The IGI Alliances serves as joint marketing platform for 5 IGI Centres and 14 IGI Partner / Sisters Institutions located in Java. The main target recipients are individual and professionals, particularly those who will or are currently working in industries and SMEs

BUSSINESS IDEA
The IGI Centre (VEDC) offers a wide range of Products and Services. The bossiness idea is divided into three groups. These are:

a. Transfer Skill
Transfer Skills programs are based on the demands of industry. Participants (customers) from the communities, industries, and business will undergo training programs at sisters, using the IGI Center and their own equipment. The skill qualifications of these programs are divided into basic, intermediate and advanced level.

b. Transfer Entrepreneurship Support
The Transfer Entrepreneurship Support will be realized by an equipment platform delivered by IGI Center, which is equipped with all installations to give the chance towards young business people to start up with their business. The young entrepreneurs can further take training to give their innovative ideas the chance to start up in the business world.

c. Transfer New Technology
The Transfer of New Technology is the investment of money in the new technologies to develop the technical education of institution and keep them in time. This program combines production, training, and promotion of new technologies. These facilities will support Indonesia in stabilizing the economic conditions by high qualitative products and best-trained staff at art of state equipment.

TRAINING-LANDSCAPE OF THE IGI-CENTER and PARTNER
VEDC Malang build up an IGI Center, which will support the IGI sisters/partner SAKTI Surabaya, Polytechnic Malang, PPKT Ponorogo, PPKT Pasuruan, and PPKT Sidoarjo in fulfilling of IGI mission. Referring to the experience of VEDC Malang has obtained in the sectors of automation, welding, office automation; these are the sectors we will concentrate on.

1. Partner / Sister : SMKN I Jenangan Ponorogo
Concentrate: Automation Tech
Market coverage :Ponorogo, Tulungagung, Trenggalek, Magetan, Madiun

2. Partner / Sister : SMK I Purwosari
Concentrate : Automation Tech
Market coverage : Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Jember

3. Partner / Sister : Politeknik SAKTI Surabaya
Concentrate : Welding Technology
Market Coverage : Surabaya, Gresik, Mojokerto, Jombang, Madura.

4. Partner / Sister : SMKN 2 Buduran Sidoarjo
Concentrate : Office Automation
Market Coverage : Sidoarjo, Surabaya, Mojokerto

5. Partner / Sister : Politeknik Malang
Concentrate : Office Automation
Market Coverage : Jobless Pasca D3 Malang, Kediri, Blitar

ROLE OF CENTER and SISTER / PARTNER
Establishing an IGI Center (VEDC) and Partner/Sister partnership in the context of education, is the co-operation of one education provider (the 'Sister') and a management and support provider the 'IGI Center to market the skill transfer, technology transfer, entrepreneurship support and sister-support. The detailed terms and conditions of the license are specified in the individual agreements between IGI Center and Partner/Sister.
The basic principle for the cooperation is based on the following agreements between Center and Partner/Sister

The Partner/Sister

• Provides the education/training, offering complete courses or individual units, modules, products or may simply use the IGI Centre curriculum and/or educational resources as a basis for its own offerings.


• All tasks support the business targets; they are tasks of the IGI Center. Particularly the tasks are stated as follows:
  

The IGI Center:

• Has to manage and organize the cooperation with and between the sisters.
  Will provide resources, which exceed the possibilities of the sister, as e.g. expensive machinery for the technology-transfer.
• Is supporting marketing activities, customer care activities, technology transfer and entrepreneurship support.
• Will support quality improvement activities, teaching aid supply and standardized certification.

Joko WiN
Project Manager
IGI VEDC Malang

BULE NYASAR

Kejadian ini dialami teman saya waktu tinggal di Denpasar bersama ortunya. Kami sering nongkrong di warung jamu tradisionil di dekat rumahnya.

Pada suatu hari ketika kami sedang duduk duduk di warung jamu, sepasang bule datang ke warung yang kelihatan meriah dari jauh. Bule dengan ransel di punggung itu melangkah dengan penuh percaya diri menuju ke halaman warung jamu. Dalam hati saya bangga juga jamu tradisionil kita sudah dikenal di mancanegara. Buktinya si bule pun mau mengunjungi warung jamu di Indonesia.

Makin dekat ke warung langkah bule tersebut kelihatan makin ragu-ragu, namun tetap saja mendekati kami. Setelah dekat, salah seorang bertanya kepada kami dalam bahasa Inggris dengan wajah agak ragu, "Do you have a direct flight to Jogja for tomorrow..?" Gantian kami yang bengong sambil saling berpandangan penuh tandatanya. Bukannya kami nggak tahu bahasa Inggris lho..! Cuman tanya ticket pesawat kok di warung jamu.

Karena agak lama kami saling berpandangan tanda bingung, sekali lagi si bule bertanya, "Air Mancur is a domestic flight, isn`t it..?"

Dia kira air mancur saingannya air asia kali yee.. hehehehe


Joko Win
Nopember 2007


Humor adalah sesuatu yang luruuuuuuuus, dan tiba tiba bengkok diujungnya

PENDAMPINGAN SBI

SMKN 1 JENANGAN PONOROGO

SEKOLAH BERTARAF INTERNASIONAL / SBI

Selama 6 hari saya harus keluar dari pos kerja sehari-hari. Saya harus ke SMKN 1 Jenangan Ponorogo. Saya merasa melakukan hal yang sangat istimewa. Pendampingan SBI - Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional. Kenapa saya sebut istimewa? Lihat namanya. Bertaraf Internasional. Sebuah aktifitas yang sangat mudah untuk diucapkan. Tetapi, harus disertai kerja keras, bahkan sangat keras, untuk bisa mewujudkannya.

Lihat saja prasarat yang tercover dalam 12 janji kinerja.

Janji Kinerja SMK SBI

1. Pengembangan SMM - ISO 9001 : 2000
2. Minimal 4 Pelajaran Produktif menggunakan Bahasa Inggris
3. Standar Training Workshop
4. Advance Training Workshop
5. Teaching Factory
6. Lingkungan
7. Adanya Orang Asing, ( Komunikasi )
8. Partner Asing
9. Lulusan ke Luar Negeri
10. Score TOEIC lebih besar 400
11. Program ICT
12. Sertifikat Internasional ( TUK )

12 hal tersebut diatas harus disesuaikan dengan program program yang terkait dengan komponen pengembangan sekolah.

Komponen-komponen pengembangan sekolah meliputi:

1. Kurikulum SBI.
2. Organisasi, manajemen dan administrasi (ISO).
3. Sarana/prasarana.
4. Ketenagaan
5. Pembiayaan.
6. Peserta didik/Siswa
7. Peran Serta Masyarakat
8. Lingkungan/Kultur Sekolah.
9. Unit Produksi.
10. Institusi pasangan

Ada banyak hal yang saya temui di lapangan kerja. Mulai dari ISO 9001:2000 yang sudah diraih oleh SMK; KTSP yang sudah beres, Siswa siswa yang sudah dikirim ke Jepang, sampai dengan diskusi panjang tentang bengkel standar yang akhirnya akan menemukan training standar.
Diskusi makin hangat jika sampai teaching factory sebagai implementasi dari kegiatan unit produksi di sekolah. Problem klasik yang muncul adalah mengenai minimnya peralatan, pemasaran yang belum terstruktur serta pola maintenance dan repair yang belum tergarap dengan prima.
Ada yang menarik lagi jika berbincang tentang TOEIC- Test Of English for International Conversation. Ada peluang pancingan semua guru untuk ditest bahasa Inggrisnya. Jadi tidak hanya siswa saja yang di test TOEIC nya. Biasanya guru dengan seribu alasan....
Semoga dengan pendampingan yang masih awal ini, seluruh potensi sekolah bisa digali. Yang pada akhirnya bisa dikembangkan untuk kemajuan Sekolah Menengan Kejuruan dengan label Sekolah bertaraf Internasional.
Semoga ...


Ponorogo, bumi reog
Joko WiN
1 November 2007

Developing MARKETING PLAN

Overview
The Marketing Plan is a highly detailed, heavily researched and, hopefully, well written report that many inside and possibly outside the organization will evaluate. It is an essential document for both large corporate marketing departments and for startup companies.

Essentially the Marketing Plan:

1. forces the marketing personnel to look internally in order to fully understand the results of past marketing decisions.
2. forces the marketing personnel to look externally in order to fully understand the market in which they operate.
3. sets future goals and provides direction for future marketing efforts that everyone within the organization should understand and support.
4. is a key component in obtaining funding to pursue new initiatives.

The Marketing Plan is generally undertaken for one of the following reasons:

1. Needed as part of the yearly planning process within the marketing functional area.
2. Needed for a specialized strategy to introduce something new, such as new product planning, entering new markets, or trying a new strategy to fix an existing problem.
3. Is a component within an overall business plan, such as a new business proposal to the financial community

Outline
Just as you discovered if you've ever written a business plan, there are many, many variations in the format and outlines for marketing plans. Study examples you see on the Internet and from other sources, and modify this outline as you see fit. There are many ways to develop and format a marketing plan. The approach taken here is to present a 9-Part plan that includes:

1. Executive Summary
2. Market Review
   - Trends overview
   - Market segments
   - Target market : - primary - secondary
3. Competitive Review
4. Product and Business Review
5. Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
6. Goals and Objectives
   - Sales objectives
   - Marketing objectives
7. Strategies
   - Positioning
   - Product
   - Pricing
   - Distribution
   - Communications/Promotion
8. Action Plan and Implementation
   - Media plan
   - Budget
   - Schedule
   - Assignments
9. Evaluation
   - Lead tracking systems
   - Sales reviews

Part 1 : Executive Summary
Usually, the first section of a marketing plan is the Executive Summary.
The executive overview summarizes your plan for a quick review by your executives. Although it comes first in the marketing plan, the executive summary is usually written last, after you have analyzed and written the details of your plan. So, once you have the meat of your plan written, come back to this section and write your executive summary.
The executive summary should briefly cover:

1. Market Overview
2. Competitive Overview
3. Product Overview
4. SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats)
5. Goals and Objectives
6. Strategies
7. Action Plan and Implementation Schedule
8. Evaluation Methods

Part 2 : Market Overview
In the research phase of this exercise, you did the legwork necessary for the first few sections of your business plan. Now you just need to get the information compiled in a clear and concise document so you can make use of it and others can read and understand (and support) it.
With that end in mind, go through the piles of market research and worksheets you've completed and start making some sense of everything. Once you have a handle on it, begin by writing a good overview of the market. You can actually pull some information from your business plan as long as the market information there is current and specific to the products you're planning for.
If you don't have a business plan, or access to it, then the questions you need to answer in this overview are:

1. How big is the potential market?
2. Is the market growing, flat, or shrinking? What changes do you see happening?
3. Is the market segmented by pricing, quality, age, income, or product usage?
4. Who is your target audience?
5. Who are your competitors?

Just as with all of the other sections of your marketing plan, there is no absolute for organizing your plan. Organize the market overview section in the way that seems most logical and will best illustrate your product's market.

a. Market Segmentation
Because it is hard (and expensive) to be all things to all people (or markets), it is wise to target specific segments of your market, particularly if you are in a smaller business.
Not only will this allow your to reach more of the people who will ultimately buy your product, but targeting segments may also reduce the competition you face. Finding your niche is often the key to success for small and medium and even large businesses.
Your market may naturally be segmented by price, quality, region, customer age, income, buying behavior, industry or anything else. Typically, price and quality are the most evident, followed by product use and the benefits consumers get from using the product. Some segments will be very distinct, and some will be more subtle.
The best example of market segmenting is illustrated in the auto industry. They're all cars; but they come in all levels of luxury and utility, price and quality, etc. Some may even cross over into more than one segment, or move from one to the next.
Determine the segments of your market and describe the ones you are going to target. Keep in mind that your product might cross into several market segments. Finally, remember to address each of these segments when you are planning your marketing activities.

b. Target Audience
Determining the right target audience is probably the most important part of your marketing efforts, because it doesn't matter what you're saying if you're not saying it to the right people.

1) Demographics
In this section of your marketing plan, go into as much detail as possible about who your market is. Describe your typical customer in detail. What is the age group, gender, education level, family size, income level, and geographic location.
For business-to-business markets, make sure you include the industry type company size, job titles/departments, annual revenue, and geographic areas. Have a general picture of who your market is, then back up that information with concrete numbers and statistics about the size of your market.
Determining the size of your market really requires that you already have a good profile of your typical customer. Once you know "whom" you're looking for, you need to take into consideration things like the aging of the population, and regional variations in income levels and education levels.
Getting to this level of demographic data will probably require market research. Look for data about the regions where higher densities of these specific groups can be found..

2) Psychographics
Even though you may have determined your demographic group, people within that group still have very different perceptions about the benefits or value of your product and will be motivated for different reasons.
These differences are known as psychographics. To further target your efforts, you've got to determine not only who buys (or will buy) your product, but what makes them want to buy it. Include as much psychographic information as you can dig up, such as what their spending patterns are, whether they are brand conscious when it comes to your product type, what influences their buying behavior, what promotional efforts they respond to most often, etc.
You also want to know how they go about buying it and what you can do to encourage them to buy more. You need this information so you can, in effect, clone your best customers. It is important to really pick apart what motivates them to buy.
The information you glean from a journey into your target audience's brain is often key to your marketing efforts, particularly the positioning of your product. It includes the audience's activities, interests, and opinions.
You have to work through behavioral factors, economic factors, and even interpersonal factors to get to the root of purchasing behavior.
Answer these questions in your overview:

1. What do they like about your product?
2. What do they like about your competitor's product?
3. What made them decide to buy your product?
4. Did they know which brand they were buying before they purchased it?
5. What advertising messages had they seen prior to buying?
6. How much disposable or discretionary income is available for this type of purchase?
7. What are their hobbies?
8. What emotional aspects impact their purchase?
9. What is their social class or status?
10. Who is the actual decision-maker for this type of purchase?
11. What values and attitudes play a part in this type of purchase?
12. Who do they look to when making purchasing decisions?

Now that you know your target market and market segments, define your market using concrete numbers and percentages. In other words, how many users do you currently have and how many potential users exist for your product or service? If you are offering a regional service and have found that there are 80,000 potential customers in your geographic area, then this is where you put that information.
Explain the growth and other changes you see in the market and how the competition is failing, flailing or flourishing as a result. Include some market history if it applies to your product and market. Refer to the statistics and data you've discovered through your market research and be sure to quote the source and date.
This is where you would include the PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technology) information you gathered about outside influences on the market (i.e. government regulations, union activities, social changes, etc.). Also, don't forget the seasonality of the market, and the typical product life cycle.

Part 3 : Competitive Overview
Give a complete and thorough overview of the competitive market. Cover not only the directly competing companies you face (those who offer a very similar product with similar attributes), but also other product variations you may be competing with.
For example, if you're selling herbal teas, are you also competing with regular teas? Instant teas? Canned teas? The drink market in general? Review these types of competitors as well as your direct competitors.
Describe all of the heavy hitters and answer the following questions:

1. What are their product's strengths and weaknesses?
2. What are their strengths and weaknesses as a company (financial strength, reputation, etc.)?
3. Are there weaknesses you can exploit?
4. What are the differences between your product features and theirs?
5. What were their sales for last year?
6. What is their pricing structure?
7. In what media vehicles do they promote their products?
8. What is their advertising message?
9. Where else do they promote their products?
10. What were their total advertising expenditures for last year?
11. What is their overall goal (profitability, market share, leadership)?
12. How are they trying to meet their goals (low prices, better quality, lower overhead)?
13. What were their responses to changes you made in your product pricing or promotions?

Information is often the key to a strong competitive advantage. If you've had difficulty digging up information about your competitors, try your suppliers. They can be good sources of information. Visit your competitors' locations, Web sites, exhibit booths; sample their products. You can also gather a wealth of media and advertising information about your competitors on the Internet through companies like Competitive Media Reporting. These firms and many others provide access to databases covering many areas of industry, media, advertising, and competitive information.

Part 4 : Product Overview
Use this section of your marketing plan to fully describe:

1. your product and its purpose
2. its features
3. its current pricing structure
4. its current distribution channels
5. its positioning within the market
6. its current promotions and advertising
7. its current packaging

Make sure the information is specific and accurate. If your product is new, simply describe your product and its features... But wait!
This section of your marketing plan should be a piece of cake. You know your product, right? You know its features, right? Do you know the benefits your customers get from your product, though? You had better, because that's what's going to sell it.

Part 5 : Writing SWOT
The content that this section of your plan communicates is some of the most important. Up until now, you've been talking about the past, so to speak. From this point on, you're moving into the future and ultimately the meat of your marketing plan.
With that in mind, write this section of the plan with particular clarity and substance. Pull out those lists of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that you came up with during the research phase and put them in order of importance within each category.
Remember, these should include anything that might affect sales of the product. Make it detailed enough to fully explain each strength, opportunity, etc., but keep the format clean and graphically easy to read.

Part 6 : Goals and Objectives
Your goals and objectives are simply the hard facts describing where you want to be a year from now, or five years from now, or whatever your time frame maybe.

a. Sales Goals
Start with your sales goals. In this section, you should include goals that are:

1. concrete and measurable (in terms of dollars and units)
2. set at a level that is challenging but not impossible to reach
3. set on a specific timetable for measuring success
4. linked to projected profits (which should also be estimated in the marketing plan)

To do this, you have to accurately estimate the market and what you can expect to get from it for your piece of the pie. There are several methods for doing this. Go through each one and compare your results in order to come up with your sales goals.

1. The first method requires that you look at total industry sales over the past five years for your product category. From that information, estimate total industry sales for the next three years for your product category. From that number, figure your market share and extrapolate your annual sales estimates for those years.
2. The second method is more limited to your business itself. Basically, you go through the same procedure, but you use your own product's sales figures instead of the total product category for the market. You can further break this information down by the specific distribution channel from which the sale came.
3. The third method is important because it is based on the sales levels you need in order to meet your expenses and product costs and make a profit. After all, that is the ultimate goal, right?

If you have a new product or business, you'll need to use the industry information to estimate your sales. This analysis should include the average cost of goods, operating margins, overhead expenses, and profit levels for businesses that are similar to yours.
To come up with your final sales goals, you can either average the numbers you came up with using for the three methods we just covered, or you might see a need to weight one method's results more than another.
Look at your market data and your opportunities and threats data to determine if the actual potential should be estimated to be higher or lower than your numbers are stating, and then work from there to arrive at your final sales goals.

b. Marketing Objectives
Your marketing objectives should be the means to achieve your sales objectives. By working through your target market data and your market segment data, you should come up with marketing objectives that address every group. Your marketing objectives should follow the same rules as the sales objectives, and be measurable, quantifiable (meaning there is a specific number of some sort assigned to each one), and time specific.
You should have a marketing objective that addresses each group in your target market. For this reason, you need to have good data about the sizes of your market, potential market, and your current customer base. To this data, add information such as recognized opportunities, your customers' buying rates, and other behavioral issues. This information will help you estimate the numbers you need to attach to your marketing objectives.
For example, imagine this scenario:

• You know your 2,500 customers each bought an average of 2.5 of your widgets last year.
  You've also identified a new market of 3,500 potential customers (at your current market share percentage) that you're estimating will buy an average of 2 widgets each for the year.
  In addition, you've identified an opportunity to add a service contract for customers that would cost 10% of the product cost.
  Your marketing objective for existing customers could then be: To increase your current customers' buying rate by 20% and sell service contracts to 50% of those customers.
  Your marketing objective for new customers could then be: Sell your widgets to 50% of the new market, create a buying rate within that group of 2 units per year, and sell service contracts to 50% of that group.
  Keep in mind that your current customer base may not all buy again, so you should probably account for the drop in that group's purchases by also adding a goal to retain a specific percentage of your existing customers.
  Set objectives like these for every segment of your market, based on your data. Then, set up a chart to show the math involved in how your marketing objectives meet your sales objectives. Plug in numbers for your percentages and product prices to show that the totals add up.

Part 7 : Strategies
So you know where you want to go. Now, you just have to determine which roads you're going to take to get there. These are the strategies you'll use in your marketing mix. Your marketing mix is the combination of elements that make up the entire marketing process.
By using a variety of modes to reach your goal, you have a better chance of actually doing it. It requires the right combination, however, so be careful when putting it together.
Traditionally, the marketing mix refers to the four P's: product, price, place, and promotion. There are folks who will tell you that those are old-fashioned, and that there are new hip terms to use, but they really all boil back down to product, price, place and promotion.

We'll go through each of the Ps and talk about the inherent elements in each that can be strategically modeled to help you meet your goals. In addition to the traditional Ps, and probably the most important when it comes to your marketing communications, is positioning. Let's begin there.

a. Positioning
Think of positioning as the perception your target audience has of your product. You have total control over this element of your marketing efforts, and it is critical to how you develop the rest of your plan. Planning your product's positioning must involve taking into consideration such issues as the competition and how its products are perceived, the needs and desires of your target audience, and the element of mystique or drama that your product or service naturally has about it.

In crowded markets, it is very important to position your product appropriately. Think about the advertising messages your audience is bombarded with every day. In order to stand out, your product has to have a clear position in your audience's mind. But how do you come up with the positioning for your product?

First, you have to determine a broad positioning. This means determining if your product should fall into a niche, be a low-cost leader, or a product differentiator. These are each very different strategy highways, and will take you in different directions when fine-tuning your message. Think of the qualities of your product, its strengths and weaknesses, the opportunities you've uncovered, the pricing you've considered, and your target market to determine which broad position you will take.
Next, you will have to determine specific positioning. This could be based on a certain quality or benefit of your product, such as ease of use, durability, reliability, safety, convenience, etc. In some cases, you may even be able to position your product based on two qualities. For example, think of Volvo. Safety and durability are Volvo's primary and secondary positions.
Begin narrowing down your positioning by answering questions such as:

1. What opinions does your audience already have, and how can you tie your product into them?
2. What are your target audience's needs and desires?
3. Is there a hole your product can fill by targeted positioning?
4. Are there certain company attributes you can build on, such as experience, or being the first in the business?
5. What are the greatest benefits of the product and how can you capitalize on them?
6. Is there a specific use or application that your product fits particularly well?
7. Is your target audience identified independently enough to create a position based on their uniqueness?
8. Can you springboard a positioning idea from your competitor's positioning?
9. Can you base the position on quality or pricing strategies?
10. Can you position the product based on opportunities you've discovered in your research?
    

It may help to chart these issues out to compare and narrow your options for positioning. By doing this, you can also incorporate importance levels to some of the issues you bring up.
For example, if you list the needs and desires of your target market, it might be helpful to rank those according to importance to your target audience. If you list the strengths and weaknesses of your product, it may also be helpful to put those in order from greatest to smallest.
Once you have determined your product's positioning, go through these questions to further refine it :

1. How can you simplify the message so it gets through? - Remember, more is often less.)
2. Does the name of your product fit with its positioning? - Your product's name is an important part of your positioning strategy. If it doesn't fit, you're going to have a much harder battle.
3. Is the position believable?
4. Is the position one that your target audience will care about and notice?
   Is the position too broad or too narrow?
5. Is the position clear and understandable?
   

1) Value Positioning
Your product's position, along with your pricing and distribution channels, will also determine its value position. The value position is basically the product's perceived ranking of either high-quality / high-cost, average-quality/average-cost, low-quality/low-cost, or even average-quality/low-cost or higher-quality/lower-cost. What you are trying to get across to your target audience is the value/cost relationship of your product as it relates to the user.

2) Marketing Mix Strategy
As we mentioned earlier, your marketing mix is the combination of elements that make up the entire marketing process. It requires the right combination, however, so be careful when putting it together. Let's go over the Ps you need to address in your strategy section.

b. Product Strategy
The first P is product. You may be thinking, "Haven't we talked about the product enough already? Geez!" Yes, we have talked about the product and its strengths and weaknesses, but as part of your strategy you also need to think about elements of the product that can be strategic to its success, such as its packaging and warranty. These elements help create the value the customer sees in the product. So, let's talk about packaging and its importance as far as your strategy goes.

1) Packaging
The main thing to remember about your packaging is that it communicates to the person buying it right up until they make the decision to plunk down their money and take it home. If it's sitting on a shelf with eight similar products, it can't just look nice, it has to scream its message out in order to get noticed.
Your packaging should be noticeable within three seconds in a store-shelf situation. But can packaging really make a difference in your strategy? Of course it can. Think about the convenience factor as well. Remember Pringles? Think about the products you buy that are well-protected by their packaging and are convenient to use because of the packaging.
You just might buy them again because you like their convenience. Also, don't forget to consider your competitor's packaging. How can you make yours better?

2) Warranties
The same goes for warranties. Particularly if yours is a new product, make sure you give buyers some level of comfort that if the product doesn't do what they thought, they can easily get their money back. The key here is easily. Make sure they know just how easy it will be if they are unhappy with the product.
Think about Land's End clothing company's policy: You can wash and wear, wash and wear, wash and wear, and then decide you don't like the shirt or something about it isn't quite right and send it back for a quick and complete refund. The return authorization slip is right there in the box. It doesn't get much easier than that.
So in this section of your marketing plan, describe the strategic use of your product's packaging, warranties, and whatever else you come up with. Explain the benefit you expect to see from it and how it relates to the overall success of the marketing program.

c. Price Strategy
How do you know how to price your product or service? Your product's price often communicates as much to the consumer as its advertising. People perceive a product's value based on its price in many situations -- it depends on what your product is and who your market is.
Here is an example: An established restaurant that had just started getting fresh seafood daily from the coast (which was about a four-hour drive away) and was charging eight dollars for a typical seafood dinner entree. They couldn't sell it at all. Rather than lower the price or drop it from their menu, they decided to raise the price to Rp. 15.000. The fish sold like crazy. The moral of the story is that people are leery of cheap seafood.
The moral for you is: Be wary of super low pricing. Your customers are looking for value, not the cheapest product they can find. Price your product strategically by looking at:
The competition (or lack of it) your product faces - If your product is one of a kind, particularly if it's in the technology field, then higher initial prices may be more palatable to consumers (and even expected).
The sensitivity (or insensitivity) of your customers to pricing for your type of product (as in the case of airlines)
The price elasticity (the lower the price the more you sell and vice versa) - Keep in mind what you have to sell in order to make a profit, and then chart out the variations in prices and quantities to sell in order to pinpoint the right one.
The value of the product as it relates to the value of the price - People may pay more for a similar product if they think they will get more out of it.
The positioning you've established for your product
Write the pricing strategy section of your marketing plan and back up your pricing decisions with current data about competitors' prices, price surveys, etc.

d. Place Strategy
The third P stands for place, although it's really referring to distribution. I guess you can think of it as the "place" of purchase. The strategy behind how you sell and distribute your product is a very important element of your marketing mix.
Do you want your product to be available everywhere? If you do the math, that could be a very lucrative strategy.
Or, do you want to create demand for it because it's exclusive and hard to find, requiring the right connections or even traveling to large cities? (The latter would also allow for higher pricing, by the way.)
Just like with pricing, the places where your product is available say a lot about both the quality and "status" of the product. Your channels of distribution must match the image goals of your product. In other words, if you're selling hand-made exotic wood picture frames with luxurious cloth matting, you probably don't want to go to Wal-Mart to sell them. You would use the high-quality, luxury-item image and sell them in an exclusive boutique or other shop.
On the other hand, if your product is a mid-line car-care product, then Wal-Mart would be perfect.
Here are some things to remember when planning your distribution strategy:

1. Match your product's "image" with that of the distribution channel and with your customers' perception of your product.
2. Stay on top of changes in the market that should also make you change your distribution strategy.
3. Make sure your product can get the attention it needs in your chosen channel -- both from the sales staff (are they knowledgeable?) and from a shelf-space standpoint (how many competing products does the distributor also carry?).

e. Promotion Strategy
The fourth and final P is promotion. This is the communications strategy of your plan. Here you'll plan not only the message you want to use, but also the tools you'll use to spread it to the world.
Your promotion section should actually have six categories:

1. advertising
2. public relations and publicity
3. direct marketing
4. promotions and events
5. product/company marketing materials
6. premium items
7. sales force
   

Basically, it should cover every communication mode that would appeal to your target market and help drive them to not only be aware of, but also to act on your offer. This would also include other things like client/customer newsletters, a company Web site, etc. I
t is in this section of your plan that you should make certain you are following an Integrated Marketing Communications plan.
This means that each of these tools must follow the same rules and spread the same message. Having separate PR groups and promotions groups and sales groups makes the job very difficult unless you make sure they are all in agreement about what you are saying and how you are saying it.

1) Advertising
Your task now is to translate all of your objectives into a specific advertising message to meet your goals. Your advertising strategy (aka creative strategy) will need to address not only the awareness-building requirements of your plan, but also attitudes and actions you want to provoke in your audience.
Set your advertising strategies to portray exactly what you are going to communicate in your message. This should be based on the positioning you've established and should be tested and refined until it says exactly what you need it to say. It has to portray your product in the right light and bring to mind the right image.
For this section of your marketing plan, clearly describe the creative strategy. Include the following:

1. Advertising promise - The promise you are making to your audience in your advertising
2. Support for the promise - Bulleted statements that support your claims.
3. Advertising tone - The emotional images conjured by your message that are appropriate for both the product and your audience
4. Rationale - Statements referring back to your product/market research that back up your creative strategies
   

The actual finished creative effort typically comes after (or else during) this exercise and should be detailed in your product's Advertising Plan.
You will also need to identify which types of media you will be using to carry your message. This is referred to as your Media Plan (another separate document) and can include magazines, newspapers, billboards, Web banners, radio spots, TV spots, sponsored TV and radio programs, product packaging and inserts, movie trailers, posters and flyers, directory listings, and in-store displays.
When writing this advertising section of your marketing plan, keep your strategies clear and focused on what you are trying to achieve. For example, if you know you are introducing a new product in nine months, then one strategy could be to announce the product with a series of ads in a trade publication. Tie in your display advertising strategies with your other media strategies to form a cohesive chain of communication to your target audience.
We'll go over reach and frequency, impression rates, and how to select specific media vehicles within each category on the next page of this article.

2) Public Relations and Publicity
Public relations can be a very powerful tool in your marketing belt. Often, however, it is an afterthought, while it should actually be one the first things you tackle as you develop and bring to market a new product or service. Begin planting your PR seeds early in the game.
The mantra of your public relations staff should be the Integrated Marketing Communications idea. Their most important function is to ensure that everything the press sees or hears is controlled and is consistent with the image plan. It is therefore recommended that only your PR people actually communicate with the press. This includes all areas of PR, such as corporate announcements, defensive PR, and marketing PR.
PR won't just happen. You have to work at it, plan it, and execute the plan. There is a whole set of tools for public relations and publicity, just as there is for advertising.
These include:

1. news releases
2. feature stories and interviews
3. exclusives
4. opinion pieces
5. photos
6. speeches or appearances at seminars, conventions, etc.
7. local, regional or national talk shows and other programs
8. online chats and forums
9. community involvement
10. lobbying activities
11. social responsibility activities

There are two elements to a PR plan:

1. What you want to communicate
2. A hook to make it newsworthy and interesting
   

Use this section of your marketing plan to determine those two pieces of information. Here are some strategy ideas for types of information to communicate to the press :

1. Prior to your product release, submit sneak previews to the press.
2. Find a good spokesperson to help promote your product.
3. Find the right angle for your press release.
4. Include both trade press and consumer press.
5. Build the excitement (hype-up) in your story by finding a new twist on the information.
6. Offer co-sponsorships for media to events you are planning.
7. Create your own scheduled media blitz.
8. Schedule press releases so that various media sources publish information that builds on itself and progressively includes new tidbits of information.
9. Build your newsworthy info on one of the product's benefits used in its positioning.
10. Develop an interesting and fun idea centered around your product's release or upgrade.
11. Write out your PR strategies for your marketing plan and include specifics.

Remember, this section will act as the guide for scheduling, which we'll cover next.

3) Direct Marketing
Direct marketing, or database marketing, is growing exponentially with the emphasis on very tightly targeted efforts. The growth in e-mail and Internet use, along with the general upward trend in all media subscriptions, is making it an easier and more profitable way to market your product than it was in the past days of mass mailings.
With a database (either a purchased one or your own customer database) of names and very specific demographic information, you can select specific subsets of groups very easily and send very targeted messages about your product or service. By more finely targeting your marketing efforts, you'll also improve your response rates simply because you can come closer to reaching the exact profile of your best customers.
You'll also need to think about the purposes of your direct marketing efforts. Here are some examples uses of direct marketing:

1. Generating inquiries
2. Opening doors
3. Building traffic (for your store, Web site, trade show, etc.)
4. Generating awareness (for new product introductions, etc.)
5. Fund raising
6. Selling products (mail order)
   

Make sure you've determined the purpose of your direct mail prior to selecting the specific tool, because some tools are inherently better for certain purposes. Your direct marketing options include:

1. Direct mail
2. Self-mailers
3. Mailing packages that include a letter, brochure, and response card
4. Post cards (used as inexpensive reminders)
5. Mailed premium items and other types of gifts
6. Opt-in e-mail campaigns (aka permission marketing) - Make sure your clients are requesting your e-mails, otherwise it's spam.
7. Fax campaigns - Remember, you can only fax to existing customers. Faxing to non-customers is actually illegal.
8. Telemarketing
   

Here are some tips to improve your direct marketing efforts:

1. Test your lists. Try a test mailing of 500 or less to determine the quality of the list prior to sending out your larger scheduled mailing.
2. Test your mailer design. Divide your mailing into groups that each get a slightly different design, and track the results. You may be surprised at how much better some designs and color combinations do than others. This is particularly valuable if your marketing schedule includes a lot of direct mail projects.
3. Supplement your large, expensive catalog mailing with more frequent and inexpensive post card mailings. This will reinforce your message so you get more mileage out of the catalog and better ROI (return on investment).
   Include an easy-to-understand and prominent response card.
   Include a deadline for action so your recipient will be encouraged to respond quickly rather than wait and think about it.
   Include an incentive for action. This could include an early bird discount, a free copy of some publication, or a free trial offer of something.
4. Detail your direct marketing strategies as they relate to your overall marketing mix. For example, you may be planning a PR blitz that is to be followed by an ad in a prominent publication that is then to be followed by a direct mail piece that requests some action, such as a request for a sales representative to call, or even the option to purchase the product.
   

4) Promotions and Events
Because your advertising efforts primarily affect the opinions of your target audience and don't always create an immediate action (at least not initially), you also need to plan special promotions that will encourage quick action. A promotion, as opposed to advertising, is based on incentives to act, such as a two-for-one sale, a price discount, or a free gift with purchase. Promotions are useful for encouraging potential customers to try your product and hopefully increase your base of loyal customers.
Here are some examples of promotion types used by marketers today:

1. Price discounts/sales
2. Coupons
3. Samples
4. On-pack or in-pack discounts - or even near-pack discounts (from point-of-purchase displays)
5. Rebates
6. Premium items - either in the package or sent by mail
7. Sweepstakes/games
8. Packaging
9. Events
   

It is important to watch the promotions your competition offers, but be careful about always reacting with a similar promotion. It is easy to lose market share if you overuse promotions. Customers begin to buy only when your product is on sale.
A better strategy is to competitively price your product in the first place, and then use some of the money you would have spent on promotions to improve your products or increase your advertising instead.
If your product is better, and you've advertised this, then the customer may have more inclination to buy your product even though the competition's is cheaper... I mean, less expensive.
Sales promotion does have a place in your marketing efforts. Just remember to avoid the loser promotions.
These include:

1. Doing the same promotion more than twice - For some reason, the magic number is two (for promotions that worked the first time, anyway).
2. Boring promotions - People will snooze through contests that don't seem to fit the positioning of the product. If there's no connection, typically they won't work.
3. Premium offers - "Send three proofs-of-purchase and Rp.10.000 for shipping and handling to get this great coupon organizer!" Overused and usually disappointing to the consumer.
4. Overpromising odds of winning - Don't make consumers think they're going to win every time they open a soda.
   

Just like everything else in your marketing mix, your promotions have to stay on target with your objective and your marketing message or position. To put together promotions that work, you should keep that in mind and put on your "customer" hat.

1. What would get you excited about a product or service?
2. What would be fun and give you the feeling that you really have a chance to win?
3. What could you win that would make you think more highly of the product being promoted?
4. What is your most desirable prize?
   

Once you've brainstormed some ideas, make sure you make it simple to register, provide good odds, and have a unique idea that is of great interest to your market.

5) Special Events
If you're planning special events as a way to promote your product or business, then there are a few other guidelines that will help you stay on target and be more successful. Sponsored events are increasing in popularity and account for billions of dollars annually for marketing.
They are extremely useful when launching a new product, increasing a product trial, or building consumer relationships with the company name. They require a lot of planning, resources (money and people), and can flop without proper advertising, but they can also launch a product to success very quickly.
Here are few tips to give your event a better chance of success:

1. Make sure the event ties in with your company and product.
2. Make sure your company and product name are very prominent.
3. Make sure your audience knows why it should come. In other words, make sure there is a compelling reason to attend.
4. Make sure there is some newsworthiness to the event so you'll also get some PR.
5. Make sure your marketing message and position are clearly communicated.
   

Detail each promotion or event and refer back to the specific marketing objective it addresses. Scheduling and costs will be covered in the Action Plan and Implementation section of your plan.

Now, when writing your promotion strategies, address these issues as they relate to the promotion ideas you've come up with:

1. Type of promotion
2. Incentive for the promotion
3. Open or closed promotion - Open promotions don't require any action from the customer. An example would be a sale.
4. Closed promotions require the customer to do something to take advantage of the promotion. An example would be a rebate, or a contest entry.
   Delivery method for the promotion
5. You're getting close -- now we just have to cover your sales force strategies, and then you can move on to scheduling and implementation, and, finally, evaluating the whole effort!
   

Product Marketing Literature
Supporting product literature and other company collateral materials will be key to many of your marketing and sales efforts. These items must present your company image very clearly and professionally.
Not only is the text and wording of your literature important, but also the visual image and quality that it projects.
In your literature, it is critical to highlight and emphasize the benefits of your product or service and not just the specifications and features. When planning the literature needs, consider these issues:

1. What will the literature be used for?
2. Overall company information, specific product specs and benefits, special information folders?
3. Who is the audience for each piece? Investors, partners, customers?
4. What approximate quantity do you anticipate for each piece? This will help you not only budget for it, but also get an idea of what level of quality you should go for?
5. Who will develop the piece? Internal staff members, a printing company, a design firm? (Cost will vary tremendously with each.)
   
   

8. Action Plan and Implementation

a. Media Plan
Let's talk about the tactical and implementation issues of your marketing plan. How do you decide exactly which magazines or newspapers in which to advertise? What is the difference?
This is called your Media Plan and can actually become a separate, and much more detailed, document. For this article, we will cover the basics and help give you an idea of what goes into planning your media advertising and what should be included in your marketing plan. It's time to get out your calculator and put on your math hat.

1) Putting Together Your Media Plan
Your media plan should:

1. specify which media you will be using to carry your advertising message, such as magazines, newspapers, direct mail, Internet, etc.
2. detail the specifics, such as which publications
3. detail even more specifics, such as which issues, times, dates, etc.
   list the budget for each vehicle
4. describe the rationale behind each selection
5. How do you go about determining those things? First you have to weight your media.
   

2) Weighting your Media
Weighting your media refers to determining the potential exposures of your marketing message to your target audience that each of your chosen media can produce.
Basically, by weighting your media, you are trying to determine how much advertising is enough to reach your objectives.
To do this, you'll come up with a total number of gross rating points.
To do that, you need to understand a little bit about reach, frequency, and impressions.
Impressions are the number of times your audience sees your advertising message.
Reach refers to the number of individuals within your target market that are exposed to a specific ad over a specific period of time. This number is expressed as a percentage of your total market.
Frequency refers to the number of exposures those individuals got to your specific ad over the same specific period of time.

3) Scheduling
Based on the information and the results you calculate from your media weightings, you should be able to put together a schedule of advertising, promotions, and events that will match your goals. There are some scheduling techniques you should consider when planning media advertising:

1. Front loading - This refers to heavier advertising for the introduction phase of a new product.
2. Heavy-up - This refers to specific times throughout the year that need heavier advertising (usually timed out with new introductions, promotions, or increased market activity).
3. Flighting - This refers to shorter periods of advertising (three to six weeks) that are followed by periods of no advertising.
4. Pulsing - This refers to a regular schedule of on-again/off-again advertising.
   Continuity - This refers to a steady fixed rate of advertising for continuous exposure (often used to try and even out a fluctuating buying pattern).
   

Look at your goals, product seasonality, special events, and other marketing factors and select the scheduling strategy that would work best for the situation. Remember, while the different media types can follow different schedules, you should also consider the added impact of combining media on the same schedules. It all depends on your objectives and goals.

b. Budgeting
Now you need to think about your marketing budget. No matter how hard you try to be frugal, you'll probably never have enough marketing funds to really do what you want. Just remember, you are not alone. Your competitors are probably facing the same issues you are.
There are three steps you should take when setting your budget. When you get all three results, set your budget based on comparisons of each finding.
Set your budget based on your plan's goals and objectives and the schedules you have recommended.
Look at the industry average of marketing dollars spent as a percent of sales for similar companies in your industry. There should be data available for the average in your industry. Using this second method will let you see if your budget appears to be realistic in comparison to other similar companies. This figure will help you determine if your budget is too high or low compared to the industry average.
Go through a third exercise which involves estimating your primary competitor's advertising and marketing budget based on what you know about their activities. This is a good way to help you be more competitive and possibly gain more market share.

Next, construct your final budget sheets. You should include:

1. an overview sheet illustrating your total budget
2. a breakdown by medium
3. a breakdown by product/market
   

1) Putting it Together
Now for the finishing touches of your marketing plan. You should now have the message and media selected, your scheduling determined, and a budget. In this section, you'll need to set up some charts to illustrate everything in your plan. These charts will not only help you present your plan to the powers that be, but they will also help you implement the plan.
Start by putting together a Graphic Media Calendar. List your media on the left, followed by columns that correspond to the calendar or fiscal year for which you are planning. Then set up a similar calendar for each media type with the same elements included.

Assignment and Implementation
Compared to implementation, planning is a breeze! It is in this part of marketing that you call in the reinforcements. It is very important to schedule the events in your plan and assign responsibilities well in advance.
Use a very large scheduling board, and put it in an easily viewed spot. Set up a reporting structure with progress reports and regular communications that will keep your plan on target. Making deadlines in the marketing world can be critical to the success of your product (or business).
Magazines typically require insertion orders at least three months in advance. Press releases for monthly publications should also follow a three-month lead-time schedule. Newspapers allow shorter lead times, and so do some other types of publications.
Make sure you know every deadline. Now, how are you going to make sure the plan is working? Go on to the next page and find out.

8. Evaluation
Just like in every other facet of life, you have to learn from your mistakes. The best lessons are learned the hard way. So with that in mind, how do you know which parts of your marketing plan are actually generating sales and making your company money?

a. Tracking Procedures
This section of your plan should include plans and procedures for tracking each type of media you are using. And, as a subset of each of those procedures, you should identify specifically which vehicle within those media groups is being the most effective. This isn't easy for all mediums, but for some it's pretty manageable.
Here are some types of media along with ideas for tracking their effectiveness. The techniques will vary wildly depending on your product type and market.
Display advertising - With traditional consumer publications, tracking can be done through the use of different phone numbers, special offers (specific to that advertisement or publication), or reference to a specific department to call for information. When those calls come in, your call-center staff must be prepared to record the information so the results can be tallied for that publication.
Many trade publications also include Reader Service Cards that allow the reader to circle a number that corresponds to your ad on a mail-in postcard in order to get more information about your product or service.
While you may get a lot of junk requests (competitors, shoppers, or literature collectors), you also can get some good leads. Keep a record of these leads and follow-up on the final result.

1. Direct marketing - With postal mailings, tracking is relatively simple. Include on the mailing label a code (called a key code or a source code) that corresponds with the mailing list so you know which list is producing, and instruct your call-center staff to record the information by asking the customer for the code. You can also include customer numbers here and record repeat orders without the problem of re-entering their information into your customer database.
2. For telemarketing campaigns, tracking is also relatively simple since a live person is communicating with the customer throughout the entire process, in most cases.
3. TV or radio ads - These require similar tracking methods as consumer publications. They can be tracked through the use of different phone numbers, special offers (specific to that advertisement) or reference to a specific department to call for information. Again, when those calls come in, your call-center staff must be prepared to record the information so the results can be tallied for that particular spot. Another less exact method, if you're marketing on a very large scale, is to track immediate sales along with the timing of the advertisement.
4. Internet marketing - Usually, this is easily tracked because it is based on click-throughs or page impressions. Your Web administrator should be able to provide reports that indicate the number of click-throughs that actually led to the purchase of your product. You may also experience call-in sales as a result of your Web site. Make sure your call center is aware and records the information accurately.
5. Promotions - Most closed promotions are basically "self-tracking" because they require the customer to do something, such as fill out an entry form (track able), turn in a coupon, return a rebate slip (track able), or log-on to a Web site to claim a prize (also track able). Open promotions, such as sales, require a little more work to track, although they can be tracked in a general way by noting increased sales for that time period, store, region, or whatever the parameters of the sale.
6. Events - An event is also tricky to track. You know how many people attended, but do you know how many sales occurred as a result? You can issue coupons at the event that could be tracked, offer other special deals, or even allow attendees to join a special club. You have to be creative in order to track the true sales results of a big event.
7. A trade show's effectiveness can be tracked by collecting the right information at the show and following up on it. These results must also be tallied and recorded.
   

The tabulated results and customer information is very valuable information. Make sure you routinely back up the system where this data is kept and keep copies in safe places. The customer data is extremely valuable to your future direct-marketing efforts, and must be keyed in correctly and accurately.
Before your marketing plan is kicked off, make sure you have the database structure in place to record this information. Use codes for every level of information so that you can sort by various specifications.
This takes a lot of planning, as well as training for your staff. Setting up the records with drop-down boxes for selecting preset information such as product numbers, list codes, publication codes, or department codes, will make your records much more consistent and useable.

b. Review Your Sales
Checking out the effectiveness of your marketing campaign from a product sales standpoint is critical. Begin the review process early and repeat it often. You can tweak your plan along the way to eliminate or shift schedules if you find that some element of the mix is definitely not working. Don't wait until it's too late.
Review your quarterly performance goals. Check your market share. Look at your sales figures based on not only the origin of the sale, but the type of customers as well. In other words, is this an existing customer, a new customer, or a new customer with a totally different demographic profile? Are you retaining existing customers, or are most of your sales coming from new customers? What is your competition doing?

Based on many resource in internet

Joko Win
Madiun. 28 Oct 2007